New kind of catalysts for low temperature water thermolysis.

(1) Al2O3 + 3 H2O = 2 Al(OH)3, heating and pressure 10 - 100 bars. 2 Al(OH)3 + k * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + Al2O3 + 3 H2O. All reagents are circular here, so they are practically free. Total energy consume is energy for the water thermolysis only, and at k = 1, being a heat of 242 kJ/mol H2 at T = > (150 + k * 242) / (450 + k * 54) = 500 C. vs. 2500 C conventional. Because renewable energy of solar and wind can be cheapened in order of magnitude down to USD 0.004 / kWh or less [1], H2 product can be 242 kJ * 10^6 * 0.004 /3600 sec./2 = USD 133 /ton H2, (2) Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0.4 * 242 = 128 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.4 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 234. dG = 128 - 234 * T < 0, and T > 274 C. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, so OPEX cost of the hydrogen is about USD 70 /ton H2. (3) Catalyst is 0.5 * N2 + 1.5 * H2 = NH3, is joined with 0.365 mol of the water splitting, it gives a heat in electricity as a by-product and 0.365 mol of H2 at T > 770 Celsius vs. conventional 2500 C. Because all reagents are circular and so practically free, the hydrogen OPEX cost is a cost of energy consumed, so a heat of (55 + 0.365 * 248) kJ = 139 kJ /0.365 = 400 kJ/mol minus a cost of the sold electricity, and with a Capex of USD 67/ 0.73 = USD 90 it is in sum about USD 170 /ton H2. References. [1]2021 Annual Meeting. (397e) Cheap Energy is a Key to Competitive Artificial Fuels. https://www.aiche.org/conferences-events

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