Renewables-2017

VTOL = closed container + water pump inside it. Updated March 17, 2026 VTOL comprise a closed container, the water on its bottom and a pump used as a water jet inside it. A lifting force of the said jet is equal to a force of the jet stream on the bottom of the container. I can suppose that if to place between the jet stream and the bottom something with best aerodynamic coefficient, resulting force would be a lifting force.

Zero-carbon hydrogen production by thermo-chemical water splitting. Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature is estimated just below. (1) Catalyst is 0.5 * N2 + 1.5 * H2 = NH3 is joned with 0.365 mol of the water splitting, it gives a heat in electricity as a by-product and 0.365 mol of H2 at T > 785 Celsius, vs. conventional 2500 C, and consuming a heat of 142 kJ /0.365 = 390 kJ/mol minus sold electricity. Because all reagents are circular and so practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen is USD 38/ton H2 + USD 67 * 2 = 134 CAPEX, and totally USD 172 /ton H2. (2) Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0....

La-Kavod: Dr. Avi Raih, Deputy Chief Scientist & Scientific director of Chemistry, Materials, Energy and Nanotechnology (1) 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3. Enthalpy dH = - 46 kJ. Entropy dS = - 76 (J / mol * K). so T 490 C. Here, they are circular thermal splitting of the water, so NH3 is practically free, and Opex cost of hydrogen is equal to a cost of energy is used, only. They are 46 kJ/mol heat in electricity as a by-product and 167 kJ/mol in reaction (2). (167 * 1.1 - 46 * 2.5) /0.66 = USD 104 /ton H2. Note.Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapend. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. References. [1] Solar and Wind energy as cheap as 0.4 cent / kWh, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/02, posted on Feb. 11, 2025. [[2] Breakthrough cheap Re energy, davidjud.blogspot.com/2024/06, posted on June 21, 2024. [3] Rehab of solar thermal power plants, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/06, posted on June 02, 2025. [4] (745e) Fresh look on Wind power generation, AIChE Annual meeting, 2019...

(1) 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3. Enthalpy dH = - 46 kJ. Entropy dS = - 76 (J / mol * K). so T 490 C. Here, they are circular thermal splitting the water, so NH3 is practically free, and Opex cost of hydrogen is equal to a cost of energy is used. They are 46 kJ/mol heat in electricity as a by-product + 167 kJ/mol in reaction (2). (167 * 1.1 - 46 * 2.5) = USD 69 /ton H2. Note.Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. References. [1] Solar and Wind as cheap as 0.4 cent / kWh, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/02, posted on Feb. 11, 2025. [[2] Breakthrough cheap Re energy, davidjud.blogspot.com/2024/06, posted on June 21, 2024. [3] Rehab of solar thermal power plants, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/06, posted on June 02, 2025. [4] (745e) Fresh look on Wind power generation, AIChE Annual meeting, 2019 yr. [5] https://www.aiche.org/conf...

Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermal splitting at T > 163 C vs. conventional 2500 C, and absolutely green USD 133 /ton H2 Opex, allows in order of magnitude cheaper H2 base fuels and chemical products. Really. Catalyst: NH3 = 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2. dH = 46 kJ, dS = 101 J/mol*K. Joint target reaction: 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 + 0.33 (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + NH3. dH = 35 kJ, dS = -78 J /mol * K, so T > 163 C.

Zero-carbon and practically free H2, NH3, oil and gas. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor, retired. judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com. Abstract. (1) CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O + 41 kJ. (2) CO + 1.4 H2O = CO2 + 1.4 (H2 + 0.5 O2), and (1) + (2) totaly gives circular C02 and CO process with Gibbs criteria dG = dH - dS * T 330 C. Because CO2 and CO are circular, they are practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen product is equal to a cost of energy consumed, so it is about (56 + 41) kJ * 1.1 / (1.4 - 1) = USD 266 / Mmol H2 [1], so = USD 133/ ton H2 product. (3) 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3 - 46 kJ = 46,000 * 0.3 (efficiency heat in electricity) * 0.03 (tariffs) / 3.6 = USD 115 / Mmol of sold electricity as a by-product. Here N2 is practically free, if a mol of NH3 burns oxygen out of the air forming totally 7 mol N2 for 7 mol NH3 production. Such NH3 is 133 * 3 / 17 = USD 23 / ton NH3, OPEX, and totaly with Capex no more than about USD 50 or so. (4) CO2 + 3 * ...