Renewables-2017

Simplified production of zero-carbon, circular and practically free H2, NH3, CH2, CH4, CO, and CO2. August 24. 2025. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor, retired. judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com. Abstract. (1) CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O - 3 kJ. (2) CO + 1.5 H2O = CO2 + 1.5 H2 + 0.25 O2 + 143 kJ - 3 = 140 kJ of such thermochemisty, and CO and CO2 are here practically free, because they being circular, so Q(H) = 140 kJ * 1.1 = USD 154 / ton H2, [1]. (3) 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3 - 46 kJ = 46,000 * 0.3 (efficiency heat in electricity) * 0.03 (tariffs) / 3.6 = USD 115 / Mmol. Here N2 is practically free, if a mol of NH3 burns oxygen out of the air forming totally 7 mol N2 for 7 mol NH3 production. Such NH3 is USD 20 / ton NH3, OPEX, and totaly with Capex no more than about USD 50 or so. (4) CO2 + 3 H2 = CH2 + 2 H2O + 229 kJ = USD 573 /Mmol electricity as a by-product, and Q(CH2) = (5 * 44 + 6 * 154 - 573) / 14 = 570 / 14 = USD 40 / ton CH2 = USD 5.7 / bbl. (5) ...

The water thermolysis at low temperature and normal pressure with new kind of catalyst. February 24, 2026 Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature is shown just below. Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0.4 * 242 = 128 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.4 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 234. dG = 128 - 234 * T 274 C. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen is about USD 70 /ton H2. References. [1] Solar and Wind as cheap as 0.4 cent / kWh, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/02, posted on Feb. 11, 2025. [2] Breakthrough cheap Re energy, davidjud.blogspot.com/2024/06, posted on June 21, 2024....

Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature is shown just below. (1) Catalyst: 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3. dH = - 46 kJ, dS = - 101 J/mol*K. Joint target reaction: NH3 + 0.33 (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2. dH = 126 kJ, dS = 118 J /mol * K, so T > 790 C. (2) Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0.4 * 242 = 128 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.4 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 234. dG = 128 - 234 * T 274 C. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen is USD 36/ton H2 for reaction (1), and about USD 90 for reaction (2). References. [1] Solar and Wind as cheap as 0.4 cent ...

Promising technology of H2, NH3, oil and gas production February 11, 2026 Abstract. (1) H2O + NH3 = 0.5 N2 + 2.5 H2 + 0.5 O2 + 288 kJ. dS = 153 J/mol*K. (2) 2.5 H2 + 0.83 N2 = 1.67 NH3 - (46 * 1.67 = 77 kJ) can be sold as a by-product - electricity by 0.33 - efficiency and USD 0.03/kWh, so (3) If Q is a cost Opex, Q(1.67 - 1 = 0.66 NH3) = 288 * 4 / 3.6 - 77 * 2.5 = USD 124 = 0.66 * 17 ton NH3 = 11.3 ton NH3, so Q(NH3) = USD 124 /11.3 ton = USD 11/ton NH3. Q(2.5 H2) = Q(NH3) * 17, so Q(H) = 11 * 17 / 5 = USD 37 / ton H2. Notes: (1) Renewable energy can be as cheap as about USD 0.004 /kWh. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. (2) 2.5 H2 / 3 = 1.67 mol NH3, here nitrogen can be practically free, being remainder of the air after its oxigen being deleted by negligible share of a fuel: hydrogen or ammonia. (3) Reaction (1) is converting 1 mol of NH3 in 1.67 mol NH3, can be grown exponentially. (4) CO2 + 4 H2 = CH4 + 2H2O - 254 kJ, so Q(CH4) = (220 + 4 * 37 - 254 kJ) / 16 = USD 23 / ton CH4 = USD 16 ...

Comic strip, or abstract of abstract, in short "comics" of multi-page or mega-page book, scientific work, etc. of printed or internet form, can allow quick reading and search them. Mostly, it is enough to read "magic first five lines of them" to understand what can wait him from the rest ones, and he can scroll pages only. The comics allows to address the reader to key information only to read it more attentively.

New conception of catalysts. The water termolysis at down to 365 Centigrade as an example. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor, CV [6], judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com. Abstract. (1) CO2 + H2 = CO2H2 - formic acid. Such reaction can be considered as the catalyst being circular and drastically lowering a temperature for the water thermolysis . See: (2) (CO2H2) + 0.5 (H20 = H2 + 0.5 O2) + (CO2 + H2) at down to 365 C and pressure. Really. Energy for those can be renewable and as cheap as less USD 0.01 /kWh down to 0.4 cents or less. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] and so on. Reaction (1) is classical. dH = - 32 kJ, while dS = - 214 J/mol * K. Reaction (2) goes at dH = 32 + 0.5 * 242 = 153 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.5 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 240. dG = 153,000 - 240 * T 365 C and pressure.. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, a cost of the hydrogen is equal the cost of energy consumed only, so Q(H) = (153 kJ - 32 kJ) * 4/3.6 = USD 133/t...