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The water thermolysis at low temperature.

The water thermolysis at low temperature and normal pressure with new kind of catalyst. February 24, 2026 Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature is shown just below. Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0.4 * 242 = 128 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.4 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 234. dG = 128 - 234 * T 274 C. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen is about USD 70 /ton H2. References. [1] Solar and Wind as cheap as 0.4 cent / kWh, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/02, posted on Feb. 11, 2025. [2] Breakthrough cheap Re energy, davidjud.blogspot.com/2024/06, posted on June 21, 2024....
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New kind of catalysts giving new promising possibilities.

Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature is shown just below. (1) Catalyst: 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3. dH = - 46 kJ, dS = - 101 J/mol*K. Joint target reaction: NH3 + 0.33 (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2. dH = 126 kJ, dS = 118 J /mol * K, so T > 790 C. (2) Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0.4 * 242 = 128 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.4 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 234. dG = 128 - 234 * T 274 C. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen is USD 36/ton H2 for reaction (1), and about USD 90 for reaction (2). References. [1] Solar and Wind as cheap as 0.4 cent ...
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Promising technology of H2, NH3, oil and gas production.

Promising technology of H2, NH3, oil and gas production February 11, 2026 Abstract. (1) H2O + NH3 = 0.5 N2 + 2.5 H2 + 0.5 O2 + 288 kJ. dS = 153 J/mol*K. (2) 2.5 H2 + 0.83 N2 = 1.67 NH3 - (46 * 1.67 = 77 kJ) can be sold as a by-product - electricity by 0.33 - efficiency and USD 0.03/kWh, so (3) If Q is a cost Opex, Q(1.67 - 1 = 0.66 NH3) = 288 * 4 / 3.6 - 77 * 2.5 = USD 124 = 0.66 * 17 ton NH3 = 11.3 ton NH3, so Q(NH3) = USD 124 /11.3 ton = USD 11/ton NH3. Q(2.5 H2) = Q(NH3) * 17, so Q(H) = 11 * 17 / 5 = USD 37 / ton H2. Notes: (1) Renewable energy can be as cheap as about USD 0.004 /kWh. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. (2) 2.5 H2 / 3 = 1.67 mol NH3, here nitrogen can be practically free, being remainder of the air after its oxigen being deleted by negligible share of a fuel: hydrogen or ammonia. (3) Reaction (1) is converting 1 mol of NH3 in 1.67 mol NH3, can be grown exponentially. (4) CO2 + 4 H2 = CH4 + 2H2O - 254 kJ, so Q(CH4) = (220 + 4 * 37 - 254 kJ) / 16 = USD 23 / ton CH4 = USD 16 ...
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Comics for quick reading and search information from data-base.

Comic strip, or abstract of abstract, in short "comics" of multi-page or mega-page book, scientific work, etc. of printed or internet form, can allow quick reading and search them. Mostly, it is enough to read "magic first five lines of them" to understand what can wait him from the rest ones, and he can scroll pages only. The comics allows to address the reader to key information only to read it more attentively.
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The water thermolysis at down to 365 C with new conception of catalysts.

New conception of catalysts. The water termolysis at down to 365 Centigrade as an example. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor, CV [6], judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com. Abstract. (1) CO2 + H2 = CO2H2 - formic acid. Such reaction can be considered as the catalyst being circular and drastically lowering a temperature for the water thermolysis . See: (2) (CO2H2) + 0.5 (H20 = H2 + 0.5 O2) + (CO2 + H2) at down to 365 C and pressure. Really. Energy for those can be renewable and as cheap as less USD 0.01 /kWh down to 0.4 cents or less. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] and so on. Reaction (1) is classical. dH = - 32 kJ, while dS = - 214 J/mol * K. Reaction (2) goes at dH = 32 + 0.5 * 242 = 153 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.5 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 240. dG = 153,000 - 240 * T 365 C and pressure.. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, a cost of the hydrogen is equal the cost of energy consumed only, so Q(H) = (153 kJ - 32 kJ) * 4/3.6 = USD 133/t...
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New kind of catalysts. Circular formic acid. Corrected.

New kind of catalysts. Circular formic acid as example. December 24, 2025 New kind of catalysts are an exothermic reversible reaction being combined with another reaction in joint chemical process, to make it happen at designed conditions and to restore the said reversible reaction's reactants. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor, retired, judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com. Abstract. (1) CO2 + H2 = CO2H2 - formic acid, it is the said catalyst, beinmg the said exothermic reversible reaction. (2) (CO2H2) + 0.5 H20 = 0.5 H2 + 0.25 O2 + (CO2 + H2). It is the said joint chemical process to split the water at quite mild conditions and served to produce cheap hydrogen. Really. Energy for those can be renewable and as cheap as less USD 0.01 /kWh down to 0.4 cents or less. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] and so on. Reaction (1) is classical. dH = - 32 kJ, while dS = - 214 J/mol * K. Reaction (2) goes at dH = 32 + 0.5 * 242 = 153 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.5 * (131 + 102 -...
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Water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature with a help of CatERR.

Water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature with a help of CatERR. January 12, 2026 Note: CatERR is a new kind of catalysts are an exothermic reversible reaction being combined with another reaction in joint chemical process, to make it happen at designed conditions and to restore the said reversible reaction's reactants. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor, retired, judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com. Abstract. Here CatERR can be 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3, dH = - 46 kJ, dS = - 103 J / mol * K, and the water thermolysis is (NH3) + 0.25 (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + (0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2), dH = 46 + 0.25 * 242 = 106, dS = 103 + 0.25 * (131 +102 - 180) = 116, and dG = 106,000 - 116 * T 640 C. Moreover, because all reagents here are circular and practically free, a cost of the hydrogen is equal the cost of energy consumed, while the heat of the CatERR can be converted effectively in electricity and sold, the H2 is 106 kJ * 1.1 - 46 * 2.5 = negligible + Cap...
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