Renewables-2017

(1) 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3. Enthalpy dH = - 46 kJ. Entropy dS = 76 (J / mol * K). so T 490 C. Here, they are circular thermal splitting the water, so NH3 is practically free, and Opex cost of hydrogen is equal to a cost of energy is used. They are 46 kJ/mol heat in electricity as a by-product + 167 kJ/mol in reaction (2). (167 * 1.1 - 46 * 2.5) * 10^6 = USD 69 /ton H2. Note.Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. References. [1] Solar and Wind as cheap as 0.4 cent / kWh, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/02, posted on Feb. 11, 2025. [[2] Breakthrough cheap Re energy, davidjud.blogspot.com/2024/06, posted on June 21, 2024. [3] Rehab of solar thermal power plants, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/06, posted on June 02, 2025. [4] (745e) Fresh look on Wind power generation, AIChE Annual meeting, 2019 yr. [5] https://www.aiche.or...

Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermal splitting at T > 163 C vs. conventional 2500 C, and absolutely green USD 133 /ton H2 Opex, allows in order of magnitude cheaper H2 base fuels and chemical products. Really. Catalyst: NH3 = 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2. dH = 46 kJ, dS = 101 J/mol*K. Joint target reaction: 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 + 0.33 (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + NH3. dH = 35 kJ, dS = -78 J /mol * K, so T > 163 C.

Zero-carbon and practically free H2, NH3, oil and gas. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor, retired. judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com. Abstract. (1) CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O + 41 kJ. (2) CO + 1.4 H2O = CO2 + 1.4 (H2 + 0.5 O2), and (1) + (2) totaly gives circular C02 and CO process with Gibbs criteria dG = dH - dS * T 330 C. Because CO2 and CO are circular, they are practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen product is equal to a cost of energy consumed, so it is about (56 + 41) kJ * 1.1 / (1.4 - 1) = USD 266 / Mmol H2 [1], so = USD 133/ ton H2 product. (3) 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3 - 46 kJ = 46,000 * 0.3 (efficiency heat in electricity) * 0.03 (tariffs) / 3.6 = USD 115 / Mmol of sold electricity as a by-product. Here N2 is practically free, if a mol of NH3 burns oxygen out of the air forming totally 7 mol N2 for 7 mol NH3 production. Such NH3 is 133 * 3 / 17 = USD 23 / ton NH3, OPEX, and totaly with Capex no more than about USD 50 or so. (4) CO2 + 3 * ...

February 26, 2026. Simplified production of zero-carbon, circular and practically free H2, NH3, CH2, CH4, CO, and CO2. August 24. 2025. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor, retired. judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com. Abstract. (1) CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O - 44 kJ heat, can be converted in electricity as a by-product. (2) CO + 1.4 H2O = CO2 + 1.4 H2 + 0.5 O2 + 56 kJ of such thermochemisty, T > 330 C. CO and CO2 are here practically free, because they being circular, so Q(H) = 56 kJ * 1.1 /0.8 = USD 77/ton H2, [1]. (3) 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3 - 46 kJ = 46,000 * 0.3 (efficiency heat in electricity) * 0.03 (tariffs) / 3.6 = USD 115 / Mmol of sold electricity as a by-product. Here N2 is practically free, if a mol of NH3 burns oxygen out of the air forming totally 7 mol N2 for 7 mol NH3 production. Such NH3 is 77 * 3 / 17 = USD 14 / ton NH3, OPEX, and totaly with Capex no more than about USD 50 or so, and income by sold electricity as by_product. (4) CO2 + 3 ...

The water thermolysis at low temperature and normal pressure with new kind of catalyst. February 24, 2026 Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature is shown just below. Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0.4 * 242 = 128 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.4 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 234. dG = 128 - 234 * T 274 C. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen is about USD 70 /ton H2. References. [1] Solar and Wind as cheap as 0.4 cent / kWh, judbarovski.blogspot.com/2025/02, posted on Feb. 11, 2025. [2] Breakthrough cheap Re energy, davidjud.blogspot.com/2024/06, posted on June 21, 2024....

Abstract. Synergy of (1) New kind of catalysts. It is an reversible circular reaction (catalyst in wide sense), that is added to a target reaction to form a joint process. (2) Wind and solar energy can be in order of magnitude cheapened. See [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] etc. For example, the water thermolysis at breakthrough lower temperature is shown just below. (1) Catalyst: 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2 = NH3. dH = - 46 kJ, dS = - 101 J/mol*K. Joint target reaction: NH3 + 0.33 (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + 0.5 N2 + 1.5 H2. dH = 126 kJ, dS = 118 J /mol * K, so T > 790 C. (2) Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0.4 * 242 = 128 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.4 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 234. dG = 128 - 234 * T 274 C. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, so Opex cost of the hydrogen is USD 36/ton H2 for reaction (1), and about USD 90 for reaction (2). References. [1] Solar and Wind as cheap as 0.4 cent ...