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Closed-loop reactions as a new kind of catalysts. 2 HCl = H2 + Cl2.

Closed-loop reactions as a new kind of catalysts. 2 HCl = H2 + Cl2. April 28, 2026 (1) 2 HCl = H2 + Cl2, dH = + 185 kJ, dS = - 21 J/K*mol. Google AI: Water-Catalyzed Decomposition: Research indicates that water molecules can catalyze the decomposition of and other chlorinated compounds, lowering the energy barrier for dissociation. Adsorption/Reaction on Surfaces: decomposition on surfaces (such as Germanium, Germanium 100) can occur at lower temperatures, with hydrogen and chlorine recombining and desorbing as HCl near 500 K - 600 K. (1a) H2 + Cl2 + k * (H20 = H2 + 0.5 O2) + HCl, T > (242 * k - 185) * 1,000 / (54 * k + 21) - 273. At k = 0.88, T > 150 C At k = 0.85 and H2O (liquid), T = 97 C
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The Sunday Times: в российской армии есть случаи каннибализма 27 апреля 2026, 14:19 В мире Газета The Sunday Times сообщает, что российские солдаты, отправленные на поле боя в Украину и оставшиеся без еды в зимние месяцы, были вынуждены прибегать к каннибализму и поедать тела своих товарищей, чтобы выжить. Вполне, воруют, а офицеры солатское довольствие.
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New kind of catalysts for low temperature water thermolysis.

(1) Al2O3 + 3 H2O = 2 Al(OH)3, heating and pressure 10 - 100 bars. 2 Al(OH)3 + k * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + Al2O3 + 3 H2O. All reagents are circular here, so they are practically free. Total energy consume is energy for the water thermolysis only, and at k = 1, being a heat of 242 kJ/mol H2 at T = > (150 + k * 242) / (450 + k * 54) = 500 C. vs. 2500 C conventional. Because renewable energy of solar and wind can be cheapened in order of magnitude down to USD 0.004 / kWh or less [1], H2 product can be 242 kJ * 10^6 * 0.004 /3600 sec./2 = USD 133 /ton H2, (2) Catalyst: CO2 + H2 = HCOOH - formic acid. Joint target reaction: HCOOH + 0.4 * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + CO2 + H2. dH = 32 + 0.4 * 242 = 128 kJ. dS = 214 + 0.4 * (131 + 102 - 180) = 234. dG = 128 - 234 * T 274 C. Because all reagents here are circular and practically free, so OPEX cost of the hydrogen is about USD 70 /ton H2. (3) Catalyst is 0.5 * N2 + 1.5 * H2 = NH3, is joined with 0.365 mol of the water splitting, it gives a h...
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https://(Fresh look on Wind Power Generation – Upgraded, 25/02/2019, David Judbarovski, 2019 AIChE Annual Meeting (ISBN: 978-0-8169-1112-7), https://www.aiche.org/proceedings/people/david-judbarovski } Breeding investment allows by credit for a first power plant in five steps to invest and build some tens analogous power plants. . So OPEX is negligible vs. CAPEX, can be full cost of artificial intermediary fuel for 100% off-grid electricity by 2.5 cent/kWh. For housing such autonomy can be provided by local fuel-in-electricity substations. Autonomous supply can be paralleled by much cheaper direct grid supply. Financial Times: нефтяные монархии планируют построить трубопровод в обход Ормузского пролива 2 апреля 2026, 08:41
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Supercheap hydrogen. For MIT Solve

Abstract. Supercheap hydrogen for chemistry and artificial fuel production. Zero-carbon and hazard free domesticaly and distributaly. (1) Al2O3 + 3 H2O = 2 Al(OH)3, heating and pressure 10 - 100 bars. (2) 2 Al(OH)3 + k * (H2O = H2 + 0.5 O2) + Al2O3 + 3 H2O. All reagents are circular here, so they are practically free. Total energy consume is energy for the water thermolysis only, and at k = 1, being a heat of 242 kJ/mol H2 at T = > (150 + k * 242) / (450 + k * 54) = 500 C. vs. 2500 C conventional. Because renewable energy of solar and wind can be cheapened in order of magnitude down to USD 0.004 / kWh or less [1], H2 product can be 242 kJ * 10^6 * 0.004 /3600 sec./2 = USD 133 /ton H2, OPEX. References. 2021 Annual Meeting. (397e) Cheap Energy is a Key to Competitive Artificial Fuels. https://www.aiche.org/conferences-events
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Al2O3 + 2 NH3 as a new kind of catalysts. Corrected.

Al2O3 + 2 NH3 as new kind of catalyst - Corrected. David Judbarovski, systems engineering, principle inventor. judbarovski.blogspot.com, judbarovski@gmail.com April 12, 2026 (1) Al2O3 + 2 NH3 = 2 AlN + 3 H2O. dH = 406 kJ, dS = 181 J /mol * K. Because all reagents here are circular, they are practically free (see reaction (2) for the water thermolysis). (2) (2 AlN + 3 H2O) + k * (H2O = H2 + O.5 O2) + (Al2O3 + 2 NH3), T > (k * 242 – 406) * 1000) / (k * 54 – 181). If k = 1.0, the reaction (2) is s at T = 1000 C. for k = 0.5, T > 720 C. OPEX cost of the hydrogen product practically is equal to a cost of energy consumed. It is 242 kJ/mol = USD 242 * 1.1 / 2 = USD 133/ton H2. References. 2021 Annual Meeting. (397e) Cheap Energy is a Key to Competitive Artificial Fuels. https://www.aiche.org/conferences-events
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Al2O3 +2NH3 as a new kind of catalyst

(1) Al2O3 + 2 NH3 = 2 AlN + 3 H2. dH = 274 kJ, dS = 181 J /mol * K. Because all reagents here are circular, they are practically free (see reaction (2) for the water thermolysis). (2) (2 AlN + 3 H2O) + k * (H2O = H2 + O.5 O2) + (Al2O3 + 2 NH3), T > (k * 242 – 274) * 1000) / (k * 54 – 181). If k = 0.5, so T > 720 C. and OPEX cost of the hydrogen product practically is equal to a cost of energy consumed, or being including minus a cost of high temperature heat can be converted in electricity for sale from reaction (1). In a first case it is 121kJ/mol = USD121 * 1.1 = USD133/ton H2. In a second case it would be a big net profit. References. 2021 Annual Meeting. (397e) Cheap Energy is a Key to Competitive Artificial Fuels. https://www.aiche.org/conferences-events
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