How to break Carnot rule for heat engine?
How
to break Carnot rule for heat engine?
Author:
David Judbarovski, judbarovski@gmail.com
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Let
consider a electrochemical cell producing electricity, and the said cell
recycling by heat
Being
summarized: our Zn-battery with NH4OH –electrolyte produces 2.45 kWh/kg Zn +
1.22 kWh/kg Zn consuming H2 as a byproduct of the said Zn-battery, so totally it
is about 3.7 kWh electricity.
Then
we recycle the said Zn(OH)2 and NH3 being two other products of the said
electrochemistry in Zn and in NH4OH correspondingly, by consuming 2.15 kWh low
temperature heat for dissolving the said NH3 in the water, and another 1.53 kWh
heat of coal burning in the air for recycling Zn from Zn(OH)2, so totally the
same about 3.7 kWh energy, but being the heat.
Certainly,
they are theoretical values, but being obvious way to break Carnot rule for heat
engine: here we uses the heat to produce electricity with energy efficiency
near 100% as ECG
Really,
my battery is:
electrolyte: 2 NH4(+) + 2 OH(-) + 2 H2O + Zn(+2) = 2 H3O(+) + Zn(OH)2 solid + 2 NH3..
Cathode reaction: 2 H3O(+) + 2 e(-) = H2 + 2 H2O
And totally:
Zn + 2NH4OH = Zn(OH)2 + 2 NH3 + H2 + 2.45 kWh/kg Zn (theoretically)
H2 + air = (Fuel cell) = additional and practically free electricity of 1.22 kWh/kg Zn, so totally 3.7 kWh/kg Zn., while the said H2-air Fuel cell is in order of magnitude cheaper than H2O-electrolizer per kW, so it allows to produce additional electricity practically free.
electrolyte: 2 NH4(+) + 2 OH(-) + 2 H2O + Zn(+2) = 2 H3O(+) + Zn(OH)2 solid + 2 NH3..
Cathode reaction: 2 H3O(+) + 2 e(-) = H2 + 2 H2O
And totally:
Zn + 2NH4OH = Zn(OH)2 + 2 NH3 + H2 + 2.45 kWh/kg Zn (theoretically)
H2 + air = (Fuel cell) = additional and practically free electricity of 1.22 kWh/kg Zn, so totally 3.7 kWh/kg Zn., while the said H2-air Fuel cell is in order of magnitude cheaper than H2O-electrolizer per kW, so it allows to produce additional electricity practically free.
Further
we’ll thermo-chemically recycle the Zn from Zn(OH)2 consuming the coal or NG
both as a chemical and as a energy source, and restore NH4OH from NH3 by it dissolving
in the water.
(A)
Zn(OH)2 + 0.91* C + n * O2 = Zn + 0.91 CO2 + H2O + 0.0 kJ
Zn(OH)2 + ½
C = 950 C = Zn + ½ CO2 – 163 kJ
and in sum
it is 163 kJ, can be added by
C + O2 =
CO2 + 393 kJ, and 163 / 393 = 0.41 C
And totally
Zn(OH)2 + (0.5 +0.41) C + 0.41 O2 = Zn + (0.5 + 0.41) CO2, or
Zn (OH)2 + 0.91
C = Zn recycled + 0.91 CO2, the last release 0.91 * 393 kJ / (65 * 3.6) = 1.53 kWh heat/kg Zn
(B) 2 NH3 +
2 H2O = 2 NH4OH – 504 kJ = 2.15 kWh heat/kg Zn.
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